A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Friendship Research
نویسنده
چکیده
Friendship: Development in a Historical Perspective Friendship is a relationship that has existed across historical times in all types of societies. In developmental psychology, Piaget’s classical distinction between voluntary and symmetrical peerand friendship relationships and the asymmetrical and—due to its biological nature—compulsory parent–child relationship is still valid. However, given the multiplicity of friendship conceptions and functions that friendship has served in different societies, only core aspects of the distinction between these two types of relationships seem to be universally valid while others vary across time and societies (Beer, 2001; Pahl, 2000). Far from being voluntary, friendships in the past were at times highly regulated, contained an asymmetrical structure or were constituted as a blood relationship resembling kinship. On the other hand, historical changes have brought about in the Western world more symmetrical parent–child relationships and modalities of interaction that were traditionally reserved as a characteristic of friendship. This is the reason why some researchers have voiced doubts about the idealization of the two types of relationships. A better understanding of the complex interconnections between friendship and societal conditions therefore seems necessary.
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